1. Baramaya Taino Page Baramaya is a yukayeke of Taino families questing to learn their Taino culture and traditions
2. BIARAKU --An excellent web resource overall: heavily loaded with samples of art work, poetry, personal testimonies, history, discussions, documents, reports, and excellent links. A resource worthy of high praise.
3. Bobby Gonzalez: Native American/Latino lecturer, storyteller, and poet.
4. Bohio Bajacu: Taino House of Dawn by Valery Nanaturey Vargas Stehney
5. Caney Indian Spiritual Circle
6. Ciboney Tribe of Florida History, Culture, Organization, Services, Marketplace, Comments, Newsletter. Descendants of the original tribes of the island of Cuba founded the Ciboney Tribe in June 1998 as a non-for profit organization in the State of Florida. It was formed to provide leadership within our community, ensure that the necessary legislation is put in place to protect and recover our patrimony, to research, document and archive the cultural phenomenon of our region, and most importantly to provide management and conservation of our cultural Cuban Indian heritage. Jorge Luis Salt, Pres. Tamara Cunill-Salt, V.Pres. Robert Cunill,Sec. Rosy Vazquez,Treas.
7. Coqui's Village
8. The Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation Home Page: "This is an official tribal Government web site of the Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation of Boriken Puerto Rico. We as a part of the greater Taino nation of the Caribbean and Florida are recognized as the very first Native American Indian Nation to greet and meet Christopher Columbus in the year 1493".
9. KU KAREY SPIRITUAL CIRCLE, INC.Ku Karey Spiritual Circle, Inc. is dedicated to maintaining Taino culture, its language and spirituality as we connect with all indigenous people from North, Central and South America and the islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Ku Karey Spiritual Circle, Inc. was established for the purpose of giving all people the opportunity to gather in a spiritual Native & Taino manner and to discuss topics of interest that encourage spiritual growth.
10. Maisiti Yukayeke Taíno People "Maisiti is a community of Taino families from all walks of life. We come together to pray, play together and to learn the ways of our ancestors. We teach our children to respect and honor everything on Mother Earth. Everything we do reflexs us as a people. We help each other in times of need and celebrate life to the fullest. We respect our elders. Grandparents are asked for their blessing for all the people. The children are the responsibility of the entire yukayeke. The woman are treated with high respect. We teach of the importance of keeping the family together, for the strength of the yukayeke are in families united and working together. That being Taino is a way of life. We are peaceful, patient and humble, warriors". [this page has been retrieved from the Internet archive]
11. Presencia Taina TV: "Presencia Taina.TV has been created to help disseminate the productions of multi-media presentations that highlight the ancestral cultural heritage of the Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean"--includes, Educational Videos (1/2 and 1 hour VHS productions); Research Books (rare and out of print copies available); Maps (featuring colorful and historical educational aides); Historical References (accomplished research assistance); Photographs (action Taino photos); Music (CDs and cassettes).
12. Taíno Ancestry Legacy Keepers  "Taino Ancestry Legacy Keepers, Inc., is a non-profit organization dedicated to support and promote public awareness, the preservation of Taino historical sites, sacred ceremonial grounds, Taino ancestry and genealogical record keeping. Talk, Inc. fosters a positive image and serves as a supportive source in educating and maintaining Taino legacies and cultural events. Talk, Inc. encourages and assists individuals in their own search for Taino lineage by maintaining and preserving genealogical records of Taino culture and its people".
13. Taino Net
14. Taino.Com (Spanish)
15. Taino Pride-- This page is dedicated to our ancestors the Tainos, with the purpose of showing to all the different cultures who the Tainos were. I believe it's important to educate ourselves and learn where we came from. [Includes: Roots, Vocabulary, Legends, Characteristics, Casabe Secrets, Anacaona, Medical Plants, Bibliography]
16. Taino Timucua Tribal Web Page, Tampa, Florida: An ethnohistoric overview of the Timucua of Florida.
17. Taíno Wara-a Bawakén / Nación Taína de las Antillas / Taíno Nation of the Antilles—this website for one of the older representatives of the Taino restoration proclaims its mission as follows: “The mission of the Taíno Wara-a Bawakén (Nación Taína de las Antillas / Taíno Nation of the Antilles) since the proclamation of the restoration has been to organize, educate and advocate for all Taíno people.”
18. Tekesta Taino Tribal Band of Bimini Florida "The Tekesta Indians lived in what is now Dade and Broward Counties, southeast Florida, and had a capitol town, probably also called Tekesta, in Miami. Today the Tekesta Taino society is reorganized under the Tekesta Taino Tribal Band of Bimini Florida is organized and based in the area of Miami and West Palm Beach Florida."
19. Turabo Aymaco Taíno Tribe "The Taino Native American Indian Tribe of Turabo Aymaco, Borinken (Puerto Rico) is the modern-day revival of the ancient Taino Native American Indian Tribe of the region of Turabo Aymaco. Our tribe represents those Taino Native Americans who died, and fled their homelands during the massacre that came with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492. Our tribe also represents those survivors and their descendants of the massacre. Our Tribe is made up of: documented and non-documented, pure blood and non pure blood descendants of the Taino Turabo Aymaco Tribe, pure blood and non pure blood descendants of other various Taino Tribes from the entire Caribbean, and non-Taino friends, families, and supporters of the Taino People. With this document we are officially announcing our reclaiming of our ancestral legacy and tribal sovereignty..."
20. United Confederation of Taino People This site features information on the organization, contact information, a wide variety of educational resources, a news group and a journal focusing on contemporary Taino, Carib and Arawak Indians within and outside of the Caribbean Islands. In addition, the site offers essays and links to affiliated organizations across the Caribbean.
21. War Party: Telling Our Own Stories WarParty Productions was established by three indigenous people in 1996. Its purpose is to create and conceptualize personal stories through the use of both the film and video medium. We are a Native owned and operated company that has a strong commitment to the Native community....We are heavily involved in our community here on the East Coast, providing a monthly cable access show entitled, "WarParty Productions: An Indigenous Bootleg Network" (named such for the limited coverage the community gets from the main stream networks.) In this program we strive to provide access to Native peoples of North, Central, South America and the Caribbean.
22. Yukayeke Guajataka, “A Taino Yukayeke Bringing the Community Together One Family at a Time”: this site features photographs of members, a newsletter, and an art gallery. The group describes itself as follows: “Yukayeke Guajataka is a family oriented community of Taino people. We have chosen to reaffirm our social structure as it was then, with contemporary applications now. We are not a ‘Club’, ‘Group’ or ‘Nation’. We are a FREE community of people with a leadership that is not beyond reproach. The leadership is chosen.......by the people !!. Everyone has a voice !!. We are a gathering of families(Bohios) that wish to preserve our traditions and insure a future for our children. We will outreach, recognize, welcome and enjoin with all persons, families, and communities who wish to reaffirm their Taino culture and heritage…”

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

1. Chronology of Taíno Cultural and Biological Survival, by Jorge Estevez--detailed notes extracted from a wide array of historical sources.
2. Taíno Caves in the Dominican Republic: An essay accompanied by an extensive range of photographs of Taíno petroglyphs and pictographs, gathered and arranged by Dr. Lynne Guitar
3. “The Admiral and the Chief,” by Samuel M. Wilson, Natural History, pp. 14-19, 3/91: Excerpt, on the relationship between Guacanagari and Columbus—“ At first, the chief and his people participated in the subjugation of the island, accompanying the Spaniards as interpreters and allies.  But as Taino society crumbled under the impact of Old World diseases and the demands of the Spaniards, and as Columbus was increasingly entangled in factional disputes among the conquerors.”
4. “Adventure runs deep in Puerto Rico's underground”, an article on CNN.com, July 7, 2000, from the Associated Press: Tours of Camuy Cave Park in Puerto Rico and Taino cave paintings are described in this article.
5. Antes del Descubrimiento—La Cultura Taína: A page on the pre-Columbian history and culture of the Tainos of the Dominican Republic, focusing on agriculture, petroglyphs.
6. “Los Aruaco-Tainos en Internet,” from the Internet Archive: a comprehensive archaeological and anthropometric information resource, in Spanish, on the origins and evolution of the Tainos from mainland Arawaks, with information on Baracoa, Cuba, Taino life, etc.—excerpt: “Los aruacos, uno de los grupos más expandidos de América, llegaron a asentarse desde las Lucayas y las Antillas Mayores y Menores, hasta áreas suramerianas tan amplias como las que comprenden desde la costa norte de la región hasta Paraguay. Los investigadores creen que su centro era la costa norte y noroeste de América del Sur. Esa extensión territorial se vió reducida con posterioridad por la presión de grupos como los tupi, los caribes y los chibchas…”
7. Books on Tainos, from the Puerto Rican History and Culture Home Page
8. Books on Taino Culture History
9. Caciques de Borikén—a detailed listing of the names of indigenous chiefs, recorded during colonial times, in different parts of what is today known as Puerto Rico, provided on the El Boricua website.
10. Cave Art from the New World: A collection of Caribbean Aboriginal inspired paintings of petroglyphic images and motifs, by Glenn Woddley
11. Cuba - Indigenous Legacies of the Caribbean, Interdisciplinary Conference And Intensive Field Study, November 16 To 23, 1997 in Baracoa, Cuba: “This international encounter will explore and celebrate the legacy of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean. Participants will examine elements of indigenous culture and history through conferences, professional exchanges, workshops and field observations. The conference also features an historic opportunity for a gathering of Taino culture from the eastern region of Cuba as well as Puerto Rico and the North American diaspora….”
12. Cuba - Indigenous Legacies of the Caribbean, A Tour - Conference, January 5 -12, 2001: “An encounter with the origins of Cuban music, its uses in healing ceremonies with plants and other natural medicines and its foundation in the use of the land, this January, 2001 tour is an excellent opportunity to understand the genesis of Cuban culture, while enjoying the charm and hospitality of eastern Cuba, its forests and coasts, its people. From the Taino areito to the changiil' of the mountain guajiro, this seven-day tour/conference traverses through the mountains and coasts of eastern Cuba, the fabled "Oriente," to study with herbalists and other medical practitioners in Cuba's health care system and to hear and experience the rhythms of the most autochthonous instrumental musicians and vocalists on the island. Participants will meet and share with Native peoples of Cuba, the Caribbean and elsewhere. They will visit Santiago de Cuba, Guantanamo and Baracoa….”
13. Dominican Republic: “For at least 5,000 years before Christopher Columbus ‘discovered’ America for the Europeans, the island which he called Hispaniola was inhabited by Amer-Indians.”
14. Aia Na Ha`ina I Loko o Kakou (The Answers Lie Within Us), From Tony Castanha 10 November 1999 —“Boricua Migration to Hawai`i and Meaning of Caribbean Indigenous Resistance, Survival and Presence on the Island of Boriken (Puerto Rico), edited, by Tony (Akoni) Castanha, Paper Presented at the 1999 World Indigenous Peoples' Conference on Education, Hilo, Hawai`i, August 1-7, 1999. (Copyright, 1999)”
15. “Before Columbus: Destroyed almost overnight by Spanish invaders, the culture of the gentle Taino is finally coming to light” By Michael D. Lemonick, in Archaeology, Vol. 152, no. 16, 19 October 1998 —“It took no time at all for the native Americans who first greeted Christopher Columbus to be all but erased from the face of the earth. For about a thousand years the peaceful people known as the Taino had thrived in modern-day Cuba, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and many other islands in the Lesser and Greater Antilles. But less than 30 years after Columbus' three ocean-crossing ships dropped anchor off the island of Hispaniola, the Taino would be destroyed by Spanish weaponry, forced labor and European diseases.”
16. Caciques, Nobles and their Regalia (The Taino World, El Museo del Barrio): “Taíno society was divided into two classes - nobles (nitaínos) and commoners (naborias) - governed by a hierarchy of greater and lesser chiefs known as caciques, who were advised by high-ranking nobles and shamans (medicine men)…”
17. “Canada First Nations Back Taino Treaty”, by José Barreiro/Marie-Helene Laraque, from Native Americas Magazine, Hemispheric Digest, Winter 1998: “A peace treaty signed in 1533 in the Caribbean between a Taino cacique and a representative of the King of Spain was recognized as the "first international treaty in the Americas between Indigenous people and Europeans," by over 100 delegates to the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) National Treaty Conference, held in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories on Oct. 28….The AFN resolution recommends recognition of the Taino-Spanish treaty to a United Nations rapporteur, Miguel Alfonso Martinez of Cuba, presently completing his final report on treaties with Indigenous peoples around the world.”
18. “Caribbean Encounters: Cuban Scholars, Indians Host Indigenous Conference”, by José Barreiro, from Native Americas Magazine, Hemispheric Digest, Winter 1997—“A planning conference on Caribbean indigenous legacies held in early 1997 in Baracoa, Cuba, gathered Taino descendants and other Native peoples from countries in the Caribbean as well as the United States and Canada…”
19. Caribbean Indigenous people: This page includes links on--General background; Mythology and Culture; Ferdinand letter to the Tainos; From Canima/Caniba to Caribs and cannibal; The Karibs; The Tainos; Tainos /Caribs map; and sketches of Caribs.
20. “Chief Torres of Arawak Indian Descent Denies Claims of Genocide”: “We as a Taino people must start writing to anyone who is presently authoring articles of misinformation about the extinction of our Taino people and to correct those who are promoting this kind of misinformation about our Nation. It is the reponsibility of a people to justly defend their Taino national sovereignty. In this way putting to rest once and for all, the false rumors that we as a people are extinct…”
21. Cuba’s First Nations: “We are not Extinct!”-- Annual Interdisciplinary Conference and Field Study, December 28 - January 04, 1997.
22. “Death Toll,” by William Keegan in Archaeology (January/February 1992, p. 55): Excerpt—“In the absence of reliable population estimated, two opposing viewpoints have emerged concerning the demise of the Taino.  There are those who believe that Columbus's brother Bartolome made a census of Hispaniola in 1496 and counted 1,100,000 people.  Working from that number, the historical demographers Sherburne Cook and Woodrow Borah of the University of California, Berkeley, estimated a population of seven to eight million Taino in 1492. Those seeking to emphasize the devastating impact of the Spaniards put the number closer to ten million.  Others, like Mexican scholar Angel Rosenblatt and David Henige, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, do not believe that Bartolome Colon's census took place and estimate the native population in 1492 to have been around 100,000…”
23. “Destruction of the Taino,” by William F. Keegan in Archaeology (January/February 1992, pp. 51-56): Excerpt—“ How many Taino were living in Hispaniola at contact? How devastating was the European invasion?  We can't be certain, but a reasonable estimate of the Taino population is between 400,000 and two million…. Archaeological surveys have identified enough villages of sufficient size to confirm that the Bahamian Lucayan population in 1500 was between 40,000 and 80,000.  By the time of Ponce de Leon's voyage in 1513, the Bahamas were uninhabited….”
24. “The First Cubans”, in The Timetable History of Cuba, compiled by J.A. Sierra: “Before the Europeans arrived, Cuba was inhabited by three different cultures: the Ciboneyes, the Guanahatabeyes and the Taínos…”
25. The History of Cuban Art: includes selections of pictures of cave paintings from pre-Columbian times in Cuba
26. Hubert Montas’ “Early History of Haiti”: “The island on which Haiti is located (Hispaniola) had been inhabited by various cultures before the arrival of Columbus. The first known settlers of the island were the Ciboneys who migrated from what is currently the North American continent in 450 A.D. These people were followed in 900 A.D by the Tainos (good people) who were members of the Arawak nation and had origins in the Amazon valley…”
27. Les Indiens Tainos, Bons et Nobles: This French-language site presents a concise introduction to Taino social organization, arts, and agriculture, with materials on Cuba.
28. “Indigenous Latino and the consciousness of the Native Americas”, Editorial in Indian Country Today, 04 February, 2003—Extract: “Borders between Indian peoples - as psychological as language and as legalistic as those of national frontiers - are coming down. A sense of relations, all our relations, is increasingly apparent in the communications between Indians throughout North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America. It is a refreshing trend that we encourage. We note the recent repatriation of Taino human remains from the United States’ Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American Indian to a small Indian enclave in Cuba’s eastern mountains, the community of Caridad de los Indios. Navajo, Mohawk, Algonquin, Kaw, Paiute, Chicano and other peoples, including scholars and participants from several countries, witnessed the unique ceremony, which coalesced the forces of many people to guarantee its success.”
29. “Indigenous Puerto Rico: DNA evidence upsets established history”, by Rick Kearns, in Indian Country Today, 06 October, 2003—Extract: “Dr. Juan Martinez Cruzado, a geneticist from the University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez who designed an island-wide DNA survey, has just released the final numbers and analysis of the project, and these results tell a different story. According to the study funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, 61 percent of all Puerto Ricans have Amerindian mitochondrial DNA, 27 percent have African and 12 percent Caucasian. (Nuclear DNA, or the genetic material present in a gene’s nucleus, is inherited in equal parts from one’s father and mother. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from one’s mother and does not change or blend with other materials over time.) In other words a majority of Puerto Ricans have Native blood….”
30. King Ferdinand's Letter to the Taino People: reproduction of an important colonial document.
31. Mama D.O.C., promoting natural health and natural dyes: dealing with a special project focused on the Dominican Republic, the site states: “…while working with the people there, we discovered a group of indigenous peoples who were thought to be extinct. The land on which the last remaining Indios of the Dominican Republic are living is owned by the government, who propose to sell it to tourist developers. Mama D.O.C. is trying to raise enough money from various ecological development projects and donations to allow them to buy their land from the government and preserve their unique way of life…”
32. Miguel Conesa Osuna’s Digital Portfolio: The painting “Taino's song at Dawn” is part of a series here inspired by Taino themes.
33. “MtDNA from Extinct Tainos and the Peopling of the Caribbean”, by C. Lalueza-Fox, F. Luna Calderón, F. Calafell, B Morera and J. Bertranpetit, in Annals of Human Genetics, Volume 65 Issue 2 Page 137 - March 2001: abstract—“ Tainos and Caribs were the inhabitants of the Caribbean when Columbus reached the Americas; both human groups became extinct soon after contact, decimated by the Spaniards and the diseases they brought. Samples belonging to pre-Columbian Taino Indians from the La Caleta site (Dominican Republic) have been analyzed, in order to ascertain the genetic affinities of these groups in relation to present-day Amerinds, and to reconstruct the genetic and demographic events that took place during the peopling of the Caribbean….”
34. The New Old World—Antilles: Living Beyond the Myth—samples of a photographic exhibition hosted by the National Museum of the American Indian in New York, with a focus on Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Trinidad.
35. Pedro Guanikeyu Torres, “The Historical Roots of a Nation”, from the Internet Archive’s Way Back Machine: essay by the leader of the Jatobonicu Taino Tribal Nation—excerpt: “As for the so-called ‘Taino Extinction’ stories told by the Euro-Spanish colonial historians, the Taino people and their Caribe regional nationality has never been extinct. Although the nation was suppressed in history and decimated by past and present-day white Spanish colonists, the Taino nationality has always been waiting to rise up again, as it did on the of November 18, 1993, following the long awaited 500 year old prophecy. Many ask the question, ‘How can a group of people from other Caribbean islands, seeing themselves as Taino indigenous people, band together and call themselves a ‘Taino Indigenous Caribbean Nation?’”
36. Pre-Columbian Hispaniola, Arawak/Taino Native Americans, by Bob Corbett: includes descriptions of the following-Lifestyle of the Arawak/Taino; Housing and Dress; Food and Agriculture; Transportation; Defense; Religion and Myth; The "genocidal end of the Arawak/Taino" (according to Bob Corbett); Specific Indian leaders at the time of Columbus (The five caciques of the time)
37. Pre-Columbian Hispaniola Arawak/Taino Indians
38. Native Americans of the Caribbean and Florida --The history of Caribbean peoples of Amazonian origin in general, The history of Native Americans in Bimini (Florida), The history of Native Americans in Boriken (Puerto Rico)
39. Retrospective history of the Tainos of Boriken (Puerto Rico); Contemporary history of the Tainos of Boriken (Puerto Rico)
40. Return of Native Remains to Cuba, January 18, 2003, South Florida Sun-Sentinel—extract: “CARIDAD DE LOS INDIOS, Cuba - Plucked from their graves in 1915 and stored in the drawer of a New York warehouse, the fragments of bones of seven Taino Indians finally completed their long journey home. On a hillside cemetery nestled in the mountains where Tainos once thrived, representatives of the Smithsonian Institution turned over a cardboard box containing the pre-Columbian remains to the tribe's descendants….”
41. Siboney, by Antonio Rafael de la Cova: basic site focusing on indigenes of Cuba, presenting Siboney pictographs
42. “Surviving Columbus in Puerto Rico: the myth of extinction”, Editorial in Indian Country Today, 06 October, 2003—Extract: “The story this week of a new major DNA study showing considerable American Indian ancestry in the population of Puerto Rico is intriguing and revealing. Of course, there has been for over two decades considerable agitation by Taino people of Puerto Rican nationality, on the island and in the diaspora. But now Dr. Juan Martinez Cruzado has shown that as high as 61 percent of Puerto Ricans carry American Indian mitochondrial DNA from their maternal lines. The level of Native genetic ancestry is impressive and once more evidence that the legacy of American indigenous peoples, across the Western Hemisphere, has been all too easily diminished or denied. The claim that all Native Caribbeans succumbed to war, slavery and disease, that they in fact became "extinct" as peoples and cultures by the 1600s, has been asserted as truth by governments and academics for over a hundred years. However, in Puerto Rico, as elsewhere in the Caribbean, actual, surviving Native communities and numerous families and people of Native ancestry have increasingly revealed themselves….”
43. Die Tainos: An article in German on the Taino history of the Dominican Republic.
44. "Revelations of Carib Heritage", by Bob Krauss, Advertiser Columnist, The Honolulu Advertiser, Sunday, January 16, 2000: "For Tony Castanha, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement has become a springboard into his Puerto Rican heritage. Although he is not Native Hawaiian, he is like many Hawaiians in that he is learning a lot about who he is".
45. "Taíno: Ancient Voyagers of the Caribbean", by Dicey Taylor, Ph.D, Guest Curator, El Museo del Barrio: a paper outlining the archaeological history, pre-colonial culture, religious beliefs, cosmology, food, and social structure of the Tainos, ending with a consideration of the their cultural legacy-this relates to the exhibition, by the same name, hosted by El Museo del Barrio.
46. Taino influence in Haitian Vodou, from the American Museum of Natural History—extract: “Escaped slaves, called Maroons, mingled in mountain hideaways with indigenous Taino people. Both peoples had much in common. Taino memories are still evoked by stone celts placed on altars. Other Native American traces persist in Vodou as well, from words to musical instruments, dance and dress styles, and weaponry. Although discrete Taino survivals are difficult to isolate, the secret Bizango rites keep alive the history of the intermingling, as do bands of Rara performers during their post-carnival celebrations….”
47. Taino Legends, from CubaHeritage.com: Taino legends of the rainbow, night, love, stars, the rivers and the sea, the bat, mosquitos, honey, seeds, tobacco and dangers.
48. Taino Museum --Welcome to this unique and most complete collection of hand-crafted creations by the Taino Indian culture. They were the predominant tribe in the Eastern Caribbean region in the Pre-Columbian era. Here you'll find over 200 pieces of artwork subdivided in 18 galleries. These are all faithful replicas, inspired by the works and extensive research of over 25 years by Antonio Blasini, author of the book: The Eagle and the Jaguar.
49. Taino Survival, "The Caribbean Taino Indians have been considered extinct for hundreds of years, yet they have always been with us": Las Culturas article criticizing the Taino extinction thesis, with an added interview between the author and Cacique Pedro Guanikeyu Torres
50. Taino: Voices from the Past-A brief introduction to Taino culture history: “In recent years, however, spectacular finds have rekindled interest in the original inhabitants of the Caribbean. In 1997, for instance, archaeologists found the remains of a major Taino city on the eastern most part of the Dominican Republic. The discovery of the city's long-hidden ceremonial plazas and homes "is going to give us more insight into the Taino than has ever been known before," says Indiana University archaeologist Charles Beeker.”
51. The Taino Indians and the Jose Maria Cave: Taino Indians, Dominican Republic, 1500 AD-An Indiana University website on the archaeology of the Taino.
52. Tainos: links to archaeological resources and artifacts of the Tainos by Antonio Rafael de la Cova
53. “Los Taínos”, by Juliette White [Spanish]: a student summary of Internet articles and sources
54. Tainos of Haiti: “There is interest in Haiti in Taino artifacts as well as in the apparent remnant of Taino still thought to be present in the nineteenth century as evidenced by laws against intermarriage…”
55. “Taino Journal: In the Cuban heartland, Elian and remembrances of Ingrid”, by Jose Barreiro in Indian Country Today, 07 June, 2000—Extract: “There is a growing understanding in Cuba about the survival of Taino-descendant people in various parts of the country. The assertion of ‘non-extinction’ in Cuba is important to a widespread interest in Taino-guajiro-jivaro cultures among Indigenous descendants of the Greater Caribbean islands….Panchito's community of some 2,000 people is one of several documented Cuban Indigenous-descendant population enclaves along the eastern mountains. Chroniclers, from Father Bartolome de las Casas, an early human rights advocate, to José Martí wrote about the Cuban Indian population in the Sierras….’Tell the world that we are still here, very Indian, very Cuban, very ready to do for our country,’ he said. ‘And this is not out of sheer good luck. Our elders knew to protect our songs and our culture of the earth up here in the mountains’.”
56. The Taino Legacy in the Contemporary World
57. “Taino Nation alive and strong”, by Jose Barreiro in Indian Country Today, 24 January, 2001—Extract: “CARIDAD DE LOS INDIOS, Cuba - No one ever told Panchito Ramirez that his people were extinct. Though the history books tell us otherwise, here in the remote mountains of Cuba, the knowledgeable herbalist and healer lives with some 350 Taino descendants who make up his village and nearby rancheria….”
58. Taíno: Pre-Columbian Art and Culture from the Caribbean Website connected to the first comprehensive exhibition of Taíno art to be presented in North America in 1997-98. It provides an overview of the remarkable achievements of this ancient Caribbean people. Link to the Taíno Legacy, an exhibition of photographs and videotapes, which explores the persistence of Taíno cultural traditions in the present-day Caribbean and its diaspora. Taino image citations can be accessed by clicking on the photographs of each work, or visitors can view the complete list of Taíno images featured on this site. Publications created from this exhibit also listed.
59. Taino Presentations by Mel Gonzalez at the National Musuem of the American Indian
60. Taino Tours in the Dominican Republic, led by Dr. Lynne Guitar and other specialists on the history, culture and ecology of the Dominican Republic.
61. The Taino World
62. Taino Zemis: this site features a sample of pictures of zemis.
63. Taino Zemi Basket, c. 1492-1520: A talented Zemi artist (probably a woman) made this basket to represent a Zemi god. Note the incorporation of European mirrors into a traditional belief.
64. “Termination by denial and hello Columbus”, Editorial in Indian Country Today, 15 October, 2001—Extract: “For example, in the Caribbean, for the Taino, the people who first greeted Columbus, malice and ignorance have conspired to keep the myth of extinction alive. Despite a substantial continuity of evidence to the contrary, from the 1600s to the present, any assertion of Taino survival can expect to be formally greeted with hostility, derision, even hatred, by many officials. While many scholars have accepted the reality of considerable Indigenous-derived culture among the Greater Caribbean populations and while recent DNA testing (in Puerto Rico) provides evidence of significant Amerindian mitochondrial DNA among the island’s contemporary population, and while in Cuba, Dominica and elsewhere communities exist that have well-documented continuity in place, the efforts by peoples of Indigenous heritage to reconstitute their societies are more often attacked than seriously considered….”
65. Three poems honoring the Taino people, by Ward Kelley
66. Gallery of Taino Images: courtesy of the Taino Inter-Tribal Council
67. “Under the Deep Blue Sea”: An article in TIME for Kids on a children’s book, The Secret Footprints, by Julia Alvarez, including Taino legends of figures such as the ciguapas. (October 6, 2000).
68. Welcome to Puerto Rico: Taino Culture -- Welcome to Puerto Rico is a recently revamped site that provides a comprehensive overview of Puerto Rico in general. Its pages dealing with CULTURE and FOLKLORE also have information on Tainos in addition to the first link above. Their Taino page also contains links to: "Arawaks, Cacicazgos del Siglo 16, Our Taino Indians, The Taino Expedition, Taino Legends." The webmaster is Magaly Rivera.
69. World History Archives--History of Caribbean peoples of Amazonian origin in general: Retrospective history, The Taino peoples of the Caribbean in general, The Taino people of Cuba, The Taino people of Montserrat.
70. "Some important research contributions of Genetics to the study of Population History and Anthropology in Puerto Rico: An interview with Dr. Juan Carlos Martínez Cruzado, Dept. of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez": from the Delware Review of Latin American Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 15, 2000, "Profiles"-this is an important article for those interested in the post-conquest survival of the Amerindian population of Puerto Rico, contra the extinction thesis.

ONLINE INFORMATION ABOUT ANACAONA AND OTHER CACIQUES

1. Anacaona, a concise essay from Anacaona.net: Excerpt—“The Queen Anacaona was married to the Indian chief Caonabo, king of the Maguana. Anacaona means ‘Gold Flower.’ She was also tribal chief Boechio Anacauchoa sister, king of Xaragua or Jaragua….”
2. A Biography of Anacaona from www.famousamericans.net: Extracted from Appleton’s Encyclpoedia—excerpt: “ANACAONA, also called the Golden Flower, was an Indian queen, wife of Caonabo, one of the five caciques who possessed the island of Santo Domingo when the Spaniards discovered it and settled there in 1492.”
3. Anacaona, on the Famous Haitians list: a concise page, in English, accompanied by an artistic illustration of Anacaona painted by Marie-Denise Douyon. A link to more information on Anacaona is also provided. Excerpt: “….In Xaragua, she soon asserted her authority over her brother and ruled as a queen famed for the ballads, ballets, poetry, plays and ornaments of her court. Xaragua was the only Taino kingdom on the island that had not succumbed to Spanish conquest when a new Spanish governor, Nicholas Ovando, arrived with some 2500 troops in 1502….”
4. Los Padres de la Patria, by Luna De Plata: a page in Spanish on some of the key caciques of Hispaniola, including Caonabo (Chiefdom of Maguana), Guarionex (Chiefdom of Magua), Bohechio (Chiefdom of Jaragua), Cayacoa (Chiefdom of Yguayagua), Guacanagarix (Chiefdom of Marien), and Anacaona (of Jaragua). Excerpt on Anacaona: “….Según los cronistas, su nombre significaba en lengua aborigen ‘Flor de Oro.’ A pesar de que en un principio ella sintió gran admiración por los españoles, a quienes consideró superiores, el continuo abuso que estos cometían contra los indígenas, junto a la prohibición por parte de Roldán del matrimonio entre Hernando de Guevara y su hija Higüemota, convirtió en odio y antipatía esa admiración. A la muerte de su hermano quedó gobernando el cacicazgo de Jaragua….”
5. Anacaona, on rincondominicano.com: a short biographic entry, in Spanish, featured on this Dominican Republic portal site. Its contents mirror those of the Los Padres de la Patria page.
6. Cacicazgos (Chiefdoms of Hispaniola), from www.rincondominicano.net: a very short entry, in Spanish, listing the main chiefdoms of Hispaniola as encountered by the early Spanish chroniclers.
7. Cacique (the meaning of the word), from www.rincondominicano.net: a short entry in Spanish on the cacique, or chief, in aboriginal Hispaniola and a list of the main chiefdoms.
8. Caciques of Puerto Rico, from www.elboricua.com: A useful page that lists the principal chiefdoms, or cacicazgos, of aboriginal Puerto Rico, indicating their general locations. The site as a whole provides a wide range of cultural information.
9. Map of Chiefdoms (Cacicazgos) of Puerto Rico (Boriquen), from taino.com: an illustration of the names and distribution of known chiefdoms is shown on this site.

...OTHER PUERTO RICAN PAGES OF DIRECT TAINO RELEVANCE...

1. "Adventure runs deep in Puerto Rico's underground", an article on CNN.com, July 7, 2000, from the Associated Press: Tours of Camuy Cave Park in Puerto Rico and Taino cave paintings are described in this article.
2. Course Syllabus: The Heritage and Culture of Puerto Ricans by Rose Christoforo-Mitchell, at the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute-includes lesson plans and readings, with materials on the Tainos.
3. "Our People in Struggle: The History of Puerto Rico", by José Medina: this paper begins with introductory material on the pre-colonial and colonial history of the Tainos in Puerto Rico.
4. Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture—History Resources: links to various sites featuring information on the Pre-Columbian Tainos as well as contemporary Taino groups.
5. Lambda Sigma Upsilon: a Latin Fraternity at Rutgers University that has adopted the Taino Indian as its mascot.
6. NY Boricua, Taino Page: a glossary of terms, an article on the Taino DNA survey, an article on pre-Columbian history (Archaic, Igneri/Saldoid, Ostionid and Taino culture, caciques) and selections of photos from the Tumba del Indo, la Piedra Tallada, Caguana Ceremonial Park, Taino history links, Websites, and related books.
7. Parque Ceremonial Tibes
8. Taino Chieftaincy Map
9. Taíno Indians of Boriken
10. The Taino Culture History of Puerto Rico, from ElBoricua.com: "In spite of being almost completely wiped out within two decades, the Taínos left us their heritage - a legacy. Traces of Taíno physical characteristics are found in Taíno descendants clustered in areas of Borinquen. The names of many towns Mayagüez, Coamo, foods (mamey), instruments, trees and plants are original Taíno names. We have little detail knowledge of Taíno culture, religion and daily life. What we know comes from Spanish documents and from recent excavations."
11. The Taino Culture of Puerto Rico
12. The Caciques of Puerto Rico: from ElBoricua.com
13. A Vocabulary of Taino Words: from ElBoricua.com
14. The Cacique Majagua, by Dr. Fray Mario A. Rodríguez León, O.P.: Historical notes on Bayamon.
15. Yukiyú o Yokahu, dios del bien --Nuestros indios taínos veneraban con propósitos espirituales la gran montaña del Yukiyú. Llamada así por estos, en honor a lo que ellos percibían como su protector segú las historias y anécdotas que han salido de escritores e historiadores españoles.
16. Walter Cardona Bonet’s Taino Presence in the Island of Mona

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